What does the term "cavitation" refer to in hydraulic systems?

The term "cavitation" refers to the formation of gas bubbles in the fluid, which occurs when the pressure in the fluid drops below its vapor pressure. When this happens, vapor-filled cavities form as the fluid transitions from a liquid to a gas. These bubbles can collapse violently when they move to areas of higher pressure, leading to significant damage to hydraulic components, such as pumps and valves. This phenomenon is most commonly observed in situations where the fluid flow is rapid or where there is a restriction in the line, causing a drop in pressure that is sufficient for cavitation to occur. Understanding cavitation is crucial for preventing unwanted damage in hydraulic systems and ensuring their efficient operation.